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Acid–Base Physiology for Medical Students
A concept-first guide to acid–base physiology aligned to USMLE Step 1 and Step 2. Learn how to derive patterns instead of memorizing tables.
Core framework
- Start with pH, PaCO2, and HCO3- to identify primary disorders.
- Use compensation rules to test if the response is appropriate.
- Apply anion gap logic to differentiate causes.
- Link respiratory patterns to clinical scenarios.
High-yield patterns
Metabolic acidosis
Think lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, renal failure, toxins.
Metabolic alkalosis
Consider volume status, chloride loss, and diuretics.
Respiratory acidosis
Hypoventilation, COPD, neuromuscular weakness.
Respiratory alkalosis
Hyperventilation, anxiety, sepsis, pregnancy.
Related learning resources
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